In a stem cell transplant, healthy stem cells are placed in your body through an I.V, Opens dialog. to help your bone marrow start to work as it should.
The transplant can use stem cells that come from your own blood or bone marrow. Or they can come from another person. When they come from another person, it's called an allogeneic stem cell transplant.
The donor may be a relative. Or they may be a complete stranger. The important thing is that the donor's immune system markers are closely matched to yours. This is more likely when the donor is your brother or sister.
If the donated stem cells came from bone marrow or umbilical cord blood, it usually takes about 20 days for your bone marrow to start producing new blood cells. If the donated cells came from someone's blood, it may not take that long.
You may spend 4 weeks or longer in the hospital after an allogeneic stem cell transplant. About 1 out of 4 people need to be readmitted within the first 3 months because of problems from the surgery.
After you are discharged from the hospital, you will continue to see your doctor often. Because you received someone else's stem cells, you will need treatment with medicines to prevent your immune system, Opens dialog from attacking the donor stem cells as though it were a foreign substance. You may also take medicine to help prevent the donor cells from attacking your body. Most people who don't have an immune system reaction take these medicines for 2 to 6 months.
An allogeneic stem cell transplant is a treatment for many conditions involving the blood or bone marrow, such as leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, aplastic anemia, or sickle cell disease.
Who is a good candidate?
Your doctor will consider your health and your age. People who are good candidates for a stem cell transplant usually are younger than 70, do not have other diseases such as heart disease or diabetes, and have a normal kidney and liver. Your doctor will also consider how much your disease has grown and how aggressive your cancer is. People with aggressive cancer that has spread to many areas of the body usually aren't good candidates. Your doctor may also consider if you have cancer that has come back, such as relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma or leukemia.
Information about Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant
The success of a stem cell transplant depends on your age and general health, the type and stage of disease, and how well the donor matches. Serious problems can occur after a stem cell transplant.
The original disease may come back, or relapse, after the transplant. If relapse occurs, it can be treated with a second transplant, chemotherapy, or other treatments.
Early complications of both allogeneic and autologous transplants usually occur within 5 to 10 days. They include:
Mouth sores.
Hair loss.
Bleeding, because of a severe decrease in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Recurrence of the disease that the transplant was used to treat.
Other cancers.
Serious, long-term complications of an allogeneic transplant include:
Graft failure. The new stem cells don't work, or they work for a short time and then fail. If this occurs, the likelihood of a cure is low.
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The new stem cells attack other cells in your body. If it happens within 3 months, it is called acute GVHD. If it happens after 3 months, it is called chronic GVHD. After chronic GVHD occurs, it may take as long as 3 years to go away. GVHD affects the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver. It can cause death. GVHD is treated with medicine that lowers the activity of your immune system, Opens dialog. GVHD does not occur when an identical twin is the donor.
Veno-occlusive disease. This is a serious liver problem caused by the high dose of chemotherapy or radiation given before a transplant. Symptoms include swelling and tenderness of the liver, weight gain, jaundice, Opens dialog, and fluid buildup in the belly.
Infections.
A transplant from an unrelated donor is more likely to cause problems. But improvements in the way the cells are prepared and matched and in the care of the person after the transplant have helped reduce problems.
Clinical Review Board All Healthwise education is reviewed by a team that includes physicians, nurses, advanced practitioners, registered dieticians, and other healthcare professionals.
Clinical Review Board All Healthwise education is reviewed by a team that includes physicians, nurses, advanced practitioners, registered dieticians, and other healthcare professionals.
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